Python Basic Keywords - Object Oriented Programming

 OOP – Object Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) refers to a type of computer programming (software design) in which programmers define the data type of a data structure, and also the types of operations (functions) that can be applied to the data structure.

In this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition, programmers can create relationships between one object and another. For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects.

The Basic OOP Concepts

If you are new to object-oriented programming languages, you will need to know a few basics before you can get started with code. The following Webopedia definitions will help you better understand object-oriented programming:

Abstraction: The process of picking out (abstracting) common features of objects and procedures.

Class: A category of objects. The class defines all the common properties of the different objects that belong to it.

Encapsulation: The process of combining elements to create a new entity. A procedure is a type of encapsulation because it combines a series of computer instructions.

Information hiding: The process of hiding details of an object or function. Information hiding is a powerful programming technique because it reduces complexity.

Inheritance: a feature that represents the "is a" relationship between different classes.

Interface: the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware.

Messaging: Message passing is a form of communication used in parallel programming and object-oriented programming.

Object: a self-contained entity that consists of both data and procedures to manipulate the data.

Polymorphism: A programming language's ability to process objects differently depending on their data type or class.

Procedure: a section of a program that performs a specific task.

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Fixed : Error While Copying Files - Source path too long while copying files

How to copy files that have too long of a filepath in Windows?

• if the path is too long) First copy the folder to upper levels in windows explorer and then move it to your local computer
• (if file names are too long) First try to zip/rar/7z them with an archive application and then copy the archive file to your local computer and then extract the contents.
• Use third party apps.

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Fixed: Bluetooth Speakers or Headphones Connected but no sound for Windows 10

This easy step will fix your issue of no sound after pairing via bluetooth headphones or speakers in windows 10

1. Press Windows button + R on your keyboard. Run command will open.
2. In Run command, Type services.msc. The services window will open

3. Then click on Bluetooth Handsfree service.
4. Then an option of Start the service will appear.
5. Click on Start the service option and you are done.
6. Pair your bluetooth device once again.

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Fixed : This app has been blocked for your protection (Windows 10)

Fixed : This app has been blocked for your protection (Windows 10)

Error says, "This app has been blocked for your protection - An Administrator has blocked you from running this app. For more information, contact the administrator."

Step 1:

Right click on Windows logo and open Command Prompt (Admin).

Step 2:

Now type "net user administrator /active:yes" and press enter. You will see the successful message.

Step 3:

Now Sign Out. Then find the "Administrator" account on the bottom left.

Step 4:

Now click and sign in on Administrator account. It takes time to setting up apps.

Step 5: 

Now find your software or .exe that you want to install

Step 6:

Hurray! The error is gone. The software or .exe is also available on your own Administrator account too, so don't worry about it.

Step 7:

After installing your software, now sign out from Administrator account and sign-in again to your Original Account.

Step 8:

That's it, now check out the software or app that was installed on "hidden Administrator" account.

Step 9:

Now it's time to disable Hidden Administrator Account. Open Command Prompt (Admin) and type below command,

net user administrator /active:no

That's it. Your Problem is fixed

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Method to Make Windows XP bootable CD

•  Download the boot file here - Download Here
•  Then extract  the BootSector file (boot.bif)  file using winrar.
•  Then start Power Iso.
•  Select Action > Boot > Add Boot Information from the menu.

• Click the ... button.

• Locate the BootSector file (boot.bif) in the folder you have extracted the file.

• Open it and then Click OK button.

• Select File > Image Properties... from the menu.

• And then select the following check boxes as given below and then click ok.

• Add all the data form Orignal Windows XP CD/DVD files by Clicking on Add button from the menu bar and then click Add button.

• Select File > Save As... from the menu
• Select Standard ISO Images (*.iso) from the Save as type combobox.
• Click the Save button.

Wait for the Image File to finish saving.

• Then Click Tools > Burn.

Then Check the Image file check box and click on ... button and locate the Image file we have made in the previous process.

• Then Click on open button
• Then do the following settings in the media combobox given below. 

Then click on Burn button.

• Click on exit button after the burn process is completed. And you are done.

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Method to make Bootable CD or DVD

You need Power Iso Software for this Process.

• Run PowerISO.

• Click on the "New" button on toolbar or choose  the "File > New > Data CD / DVD Image" menu.

• Click on the "Add" button on toolbar to add files and folders. You can also directly drag files and folders from Windows Explorer to the PowerISO window.

• Choose the menu "Action > New Folder" to create a new folder.

• Choose the menu "Action > Change Label" to change the default label.

• Choose the menu "File > Properties" to set the iso file properties.

• Click on the "Save" button on toolbar, or click on the "File > Save As..." menu.

• Choose the menu "Action > Boot > Add Boot Information" to load a bootable image file.

• Save the iso file to "Standard ISO Images (*.iso)" format.

• To make bootable CD, please burn the iso file to a blank CD / DVD disc.

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Magic Frequencies

Excerpted from The Mixing Engineer's Handbook
by Bobby Owsinski

Editors' Note: The following excerpt from "The Mixing Engineer's Handbook" by engineer Bobby Owsinski discusses how EQ can affect different frequencies in an audio mix. A Tips and Tricks section at the the end features various professional engineers offering their perspective on EQ techniques. 


Before we examine some methods of equalizing, it's important to note the areas of the audio band and what effect they have on what we hear. The audio band can effectively be broken down into six distinct ranges, each one having enormous impact on the total sound. 

Sub-Bass - The very low bass between 16Hz and 60Hz that encompasses sounds that are often felt more than heard, such as thunder in the distance. These frequencies give the music a sense of power even if they occur infrequently. Too much emphasis on this range makes the music sound muddy. 

Bass - The bass between 60Hz and 250Hz contains the fundamental notes of the rhythm section, so EQing this range can change the musical balance, making it fat or thin. Too much boost in this range can make the music sound boomy. 


Low Mids - The midrange between 250Hz and 2000Hz contains the low order harmonics of most musical instruments and can introduce a telephone-like quality to the music if boosted too much. Boosting the 500Hz to 1000Hz octave makes the instruments sound horn-like, while boosting the 1kHz to 2kHz octave makes them sound tinny. Excess output in this range can cause listening fatigue. 

High Mids - The upper midrange between 2kHz and 4kHz can mask the important speech recognition sounds if boosted, introducing a lisping quality into a voice and making sounds formed with the lips such as -' m' , 'b' and 'v' indistinguishable. Too much boost in this range, especially at 3kHz, can also cause listening fatigue. Dipping the 3kHz range on instrument backgrounds and slightly peaking 3kHz on vocals can make the vocals audible without having to decrease the instrumental level in mixes where the voice would otherwise seem buried. 

Presence - The presence range between 4kHz and 6kHz is responsible for the clarity and definition of voices and instruments. Boosting this range can make the music seem closer to the listener. Reducing the 5kHz content of a mix makes the sound more distant and transparent. 


Brilliance - The 6kHz to 16kHz range controls the brilliance and clarity of sounds. Too much emphasis in this range, however, can produce sibilance on the vocals.

Tricks and Tips 

General Tips 

Use a narrow Q (bandwidth) when cutting; use wide Q's when boosting 
If you want something to stick out, roll off the bottom; if you want it to blend in, roll off the top 

For Snare

To find the point on the snare, boost the upper midrange starting at about +5 or 6dB at 2kHz or so. Open up the bandwidth (if that parameter is available) until you get the snare to jump out, then tighten the bandwidth until you get only the part of the snare sound that you want most. Then fine-tune the frequency until you need the least amount of boost in order to make it jump out of the mix. 

For Drums

Dave Pensado: A lot of the music I do has samples in it and that gives the producer the luxury of pretty much getting the sound he wanted from the start. In the old days you always pulled out a little 400 on the kick drum. You always added a little 3 and 6 to the toms. That just doesn't happen as much any more because when I get the tape, even with live bands, the producer's already triggered the sound he wanted off the live performance and the drums are closer. 

For Bass  


The ratio between the low bass (80-120Hz) and the mid-bass (130Hz-200Hz) is important. Try using two fairly narrow peaking bands, one at 100Hz and another at 140Hz and boost one and cut the other. If the bass is too warm, sometimes reducing the upper band can make it more distinct without removing the deeper fundamentals that live in the 100Hz band. Also, try boosting some of the 1kHz area since this is where a lot of the sound of the Fender bass lives. 

For Fatter Guitars 

Boost midrange a lot (9dB or so) and sweep the frequencies until you hear the range where the guitar sounds thick but yet still bright enough to cut through. Now, back the boost down to about +4 or so until the guitar cuts through the mix without being too bright. 

Don Smith: I use EQ different from some people. I don't just use it to brighten or fatten something up; I use it to make an instrument feel better. Like on a guitar, making sure that all the strings on a guitar can be heard. Instead of just brightening up the high strings and adding mud to the low strings, I may look for a certain chord to hear more of the A string. If the D string is missing in a chord, I like to EQ and boost it way up to +8 or +10 and then just dial through the different frequencies until I hear what they're doing to the guitar. So I'm trying to make things more balanced in the way they lay with other instruments. 

For Vocals 

Boost a little at 125Hz to 250Hz to accentuate the voice fundamental and make it more 'chesty'-sounding. The 2kHz to 4kHz range accentuates the consonants and makes the vocal seem closer to the listener. 

Ed Seay: On a vocal sometimes I think, - Does this vocal need a diet plan? Does he need to lose some flab down there?  Or sometimes, - We need some weight on this guy so let's add some 300 cycles and make him sound a little more important.

David Sussman: If I'm recording vocals, I like to roll off quite a bit on the bottom end so the compressor doesn't start kicking in and bringing up any low end rumble or noise. If I'm EQing a piano or something that's already been recorded, I sometimes roll off a lot of the bottom so I leave a lot of room for the bass and the kick drum to occupy. A lot of times I don't need anything under probably 100Hz. I'll do some rolling off with the filters and then I may take a bell curve and zone in on a couple of other woofy areas on certain instruments. 

Dave Pensado: I think of EQ as an effect much the same way you would add chorus or reverb to a particular instrument or vocal. Like, I might have a vocal where I think it's really EQed nicely and then I'll add a little more 3k just to get it to bite a little more. Then it just makes me feel like the singer was trying harder and it brings out a little bit of passion in his or her voice. So I tend to be most effective when I do the standard equalizing, then take it to the next level, thinking of it as an effect.

Credit : ArtistPro

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